Specifically, we used ordinal logistic regression models for categorical outcomes (housing insecurity, food insecurity, financial insecurity, get help—services, get help—finances, and get help—food) and logistic regression for binomial outcomes (fired/unemployed). Florida Governor Ron DeSantis, a Republican Trump ally, was slow to implement social-distancing measures and close non-essential businesses, and Georgia Governor Brian Kemp ordered beaches closed by local authorities to be reopened on April 3. These latest results also suggest the cancer itself and its impact on the body may play a role in exacerbating Covid-19 infections, the researchers said. Residents without a college degree are twice as likely to report food insecurity (compared to some college), while those not completing high school (compared to bachelor’s degree) are 4 times as likely to do so. Overall, Black respondents had significantly (P < 0.05; sample-weighted Student’s t test) higher rates of economic precarity for all but one outcome (housing insecurity). Similar to national trends, although simple indicators (e.g., private sector job growth) suggest that Indiana had recovered by 2014, the structure of the state’s economy shifted during the Recession, reducing opportunities for middle-wage jobs and widening gaps between workers with different educational credentials (26). Discussion: The COVID-19 pandemic is associated with high levels of psychological distress in the U.S. Another aspect of the COVID downturn is its risk of exacerbating already worrisome levels of inequality. 4/9/2020 by Kendra Bozarth and Angela Hanks. Living in a rural (i.e., nonmetropolitan) county was largely unrelated to economic precarity, with the exception that rural residents were significantly less likely to report general financial worry than those in more metropolitan counties. As unemployment reached near-Great Depression era levels during the early stages of the pandemic, questions remain about the potential of the COVID-19 pandemic to exacerbate historically high levels of socioeconomic inequality in the United States (13). Enter multiple addresses on separate lines or separate them with commas. Race reference category = White. ↵*We also examined patterns of inequality with a financial strain index, which combines multiple dimensions of economic insecurity (food, housing, and general). where i denotes the ith individual in a sample and E[u]i=0, then an OLS model with robust clustered SEs could be formalized asyig=xig'β+uig. Factors exacerbating psychological distress include Hispanic ethnicity and a previous mental illness diagnosis. The P2P was in the field from October 2018 to March 2020, with 90% of observations collected between January 2019 and February 2020. Each model only differs in its outcome; all models include the same set of predictors and the same sample of respondents. If the pandemic recovery mirrors past trends, these same communities will also be much slower to rebound, due to a preexisting lack of social and economic capital compounded by an unequal flow of relief funds and recovery programs (37). Breaking News, Latest Updates Highlights of January 10 . As some advocate rebuilding the public health infrastructure to confront the COVID-19 pandemic (39), rebuilding other social structures will translate into less damage in the face of crises, not only for disadvantaged groups but for all members of a society. Key outcome markers include four subjective and objective markers of financial strain. The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board at IU (#1803431862 and #2003938142). Black individuals, compared to other race/ethnic groups, reported significantly higher levels of both food and financial insecurity (b = 1.23 and 0.50, respectively), as well as a greater likelihood of being fired or unemployed (b = 0.61) due to the pandemic. The COVID-19 pandemic has revealed wide disparities in infection and recovery rates by race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and place of residence (1⇓⇓–4). Today, 1,161 new COVID-19 cases have been recorded out of 11,700 tests done in the last 24 hours bringing cumulative COVID-19 cases nationally to 27,728. The CARES Act also included US$8 billion to supplement the health and economies of Native Americans and Alaska Natives. Baseline P2P data were collected primarily in the year prior to the pandemic (October 23, 2018 to March 3, 2020). As forecast in 2020, Africa is coming up short in the Covid-19 environment, fiscally and in terms of social policy provisions. Following this literature, we examine sociodemographic inequalities in employment, material hardship, and economic anxiety due to COVID-19, assessing outcomes before and during the pandemic using a panel design. These data avoid the limitations of surveys using convenience samples or respondent panels, which are vulnerable to response and selection bias, particularly limiting inclusion of people with lower incomes, those with less education, and those living in rural communities (28⇓⇓⇓–32). Pandemic precarity and sociodemographic statistics (n = 994). Models are adjusted by sample weights and SEs clustered by shared county. Structural Racism Is Exacerbating the Coronavirus Pandemic for Black People—Especially Black Women. In Milwaukee, WI, three quarters of all COVID-19 related deaths are African American, and in St Louis, MO, all but three people who have died as a result of COVID-19 were African American. Women reported significantly higher rates of housing insecurity (b = 0.26) and financial insecurity (b = 0.38) than men. However, the trend has not been universal: in Ohio, Republican Governor Mike DeWine was swift in issuing orders to shut non-essential businesses and in responding to the crisis. “There is … We do so using the state representative Person to Person Health Interview Study (P2P) (27), which employs a probability sampling frame and interviewer administration. COVID-19 further exacerbating an already high Breast Cancer burden in India 26-10-2020. Although the final dataset will be stripped of identifiers prior to release for sharing, there remains the possibility of deductive disclosure of participants. Similarly, a microeconomic model of Americans living in the San Francisco Bay area estimated significant increases in the poverty rate, with the lowest income earners more severely affected in relative terms (16). Data were collected by trained interviewers at the IU Center for Survey Research using computer-assisted telephone interviewing software. Although the numbers of reported cases seem to be levelling off in New York City and other urban areas, perhaps evidence that social-distancing measures are beginning to have an effect, emerging morbidity and mortality data have already clearly demonstrated what many have feared: a pandemic in which the brunt of the effects fall on already vulnerable US populations, and in which the deeply rooted social, racial, and economic health disparities in the country have been laid bare. All estimates are adjusted with poststratification weights to account for minor differences between the P2P’s sample and that of Indiana, and are adjusted for clustering at the county level. We tested for gender disparities in financial strain with a variable for respondent sex (female). Age also had a negative association with food insecurity (b = −0.17), with financial insecurity (b = −0.29), and with being fired or unemployed (b = −0.85) due to the pandemic. Most notably, Indiana has a substantially lower proportion of Latinx residents than the United States as a whole (56). Survey-weighted multivariate regressions, controlling for preexisting inequality, find Black adults over 3 times as likely as Whites to report food insecurity, being laid off, or being unemployed. The study's researchers also noted that the pandemic itself has been exacerbating these conditions in many people, potentially threatening their future immunity to COVID. Trump has also publicly attacked the responses of those governors on Twitter and during his daily briefings. Disease and death have long been recognized as reflections of the social fault lines in a society (5⇓–7). This article is a PNAS Direct Submission. At this point, the daily COVID-19 case count in Indiana was lower than it would be in the late summer or early fall, but daily deaths were high (SI Appendix, Table S1). Instead, they are likely to have boomerang effects on inequality and on health, accumulating in greater material deprivation and poorer life chances (43⇓–45). Distributional effects of the great recession: Where has all the sociology gone? We want to illustrate that the way in which COVID-19 is exacerbating the experience of inequality for those in these communities. For example, COVID-19 has resulted in higher levels of housing insecurity and financial stress for students across the country, including the disproportionate number of trans and gender nonconforming students who rely on campus housing in … Additional information about the study can be found at https://precisionhealth.iu.edu/get-involved/person-to-person.html. However, comparing May and October, trends in daily case, death, and unemployment rates for rural versus urban counties were similar, with rural counties experiencing lower rates than urban counties in both May and October (SI Appendix, Figs. Key risk and protective factors for LGBTQ mental health may be uniquely affected by COVID-19 and campus closures, exacerbating pre-COVID inequalities. Disasters are exogenous shocks to social systems that reveal enduring failings and inequities (8). The authors declare no competing interest. Documenting similarities across disasters is critical. Eligible participants were contacted through postal mail and email to invite participation. Parameter estimates for all multivariate models provided in Fig. Tables of models with parameters for intercepts are provided in SI Appendix, Tables S2–S5. Covid-19: Control measures must be equitable and inclusive, Hospitalization rates and characteristics of patients hospitalized with laboratory-confirmed coronavirus disease 2019—COVID-NET, 14 States, March 1–30, 2020, California releases racial data on coronavirus patients, Coronavirus batters younger Latinos and blacks in California, Infections and Inequalities: The Modern Plagues, Social Class and Mental Illness: Community Study, Health inequalities among British civil servants: The whitehall II study, Life after Hurricane Katrina: The resilience in survivors of Katrina (RISK) Project, Heat Wave: A Social Autopsy of Disaster in Chicago, Five years later: Recovery from post traumatic stress and psychological distress among low-income mothers affected by Hurricane Katrina, Effects of the Great Recession: Health and well-being, Sociodemographic inequality in exposure to COVID-19-induced economic hardship in the United Kingdom, Inequality in the impact of the coronavirus shock: Evidence from real time surveys, Socio-economic impacts of COVID-19 on household consumption and poverty, Snapshot of the COVID crisis impact on working families, Hispanic adults in families with noncitizens disproportionately feel the economic fallout from COVID-19, Understanding the unequal post-Great Recession wealth recovery for American families, Racial segregation and the American foreclosure crisis, Middletown: A Study in Contemporary American Culture, House of Debt: How They (and You) Caused the Great Recession, and How We Can Prevent It from Happening Again, Notes on labor markets after the great recession: Unemployment and policy for Indiana, The importance of selection bias in internet surveys, Pew Internet & American Life Project Surveys, Using the Internet to survey small towns and communities: Limitations and possibilities in the early 21st century, America’s health rankings analysis of America’s health rankings food insecurity measure. It is conservatively estimated that about 45 million jobs in the EU-27 labour market (23% of total EU-27 employment) are faced with a very high risk of Covid-19 disruption … Individuals categorized as “other race” had similar rates of economic precarity to Whites across outcomes. Alternative measures that are more fine-grained were explored at the county and ZIP code level, including Rural-Urban Continuum Codes, Rural-Urban Commuting Areas, and population density, but none significantly predicted economic outcomes. UNDER FIRE Health minister Dr Chitalu Chilufya has announced that 112 COVID-19 patients are on oxygen in different isolation facilities around the country. Finally, we assessed whether respondents indicated that they had been fired because of COVID-19 or had been unable to find a job since COVID-19 (0 = disagree, 1 = agree). Closure of retail and hospitality venues has been the biggest driver in impact upon demand and sales, but outbreaks of COVID-19 among workers at meat-processing plants, and ‘heightened scrutiny’ of poor labour conditions that have contributed to these plants becoming hotspots of … Here, we show that many of the same groups who are most vulnerable to infection, hospitalization, and mortality are also experiencing disproportionate economic collateral damage. Edited by Douglas S. Massey, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, and approved December 28, 2020 (received for review October 2, 2020). They expose groups that are vulnerable due to prejudice, discrimination, and neglect. ↵†Regarding the pandemic, the COVID-19 test positive rate (1,431/100,000) in Indiana was similar to the median for the country as a whole (Utah at 1,696/100,000) during the time of data collection (55). In sum, disparities in pandemic precarity not only reflect the axes of inequality that characterize American society, they are reinforcing and exacerbating them. and B.A.P. Replication code can be accessed in Harvard Dataverse at https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/5LZ09Y (27). All models are estimated with ordinal logistic regression, with the exception of Fired/Unemployed, which is estimated with logistic regression. What these findings from Indiana reveal, with important but minor nuances, is the same story observed during and following Hurricane Katrina (8, 10), the Chicago Heatwave (9), the Buffalo Creek Flood (11), and, most recently, the Great Recession (12, 22, 23, 35). This may require a pervasive and lasting shift in attitudes toward the role of organizations, institutions, government, and the poor, one that had yet to materialize in the US population’s cultural response to the Great Recession (49). Most attrition was due to inability to reach a respondent by phone after multiple contact attempts and voice messages. This agreement provides for a commitment 1) to use the data only for research purposes, 2) not to attempt to identify any participant, 3) to appropriately secure the data, and 4) to destroying or returning the data after analyses are completed. Colored dots indicate statistically significant parameter estimates; gray dots indicate nonsignificant parameter estimates. Additionally, 11% reported being worried about having a place to live, and 27% worried about their ability to buy food due to the pandemic. To address clustering at the county level, we used cluster-robust SEs. Sample means are estimated with survey weights. Many of our outcomes may be correlated with county-level information. Additionally, the necessary COVID-19 response … To ensure that our analyses are representative of individuals across the state of Indiana, we applied poststratification weights to all analyses. Beliefs about COVID-19 come from different sources, such as stereotypes concerning similar viral diseases, governmental information, social media and internet, previous personal experiences, and medical … Copyright © 2021 National Academy of Sciences. Education reference category = bachelors. The study's researchers also noted that the pandemic itself has been exacerbating these conditions in many people, potentially threatening their future immunity to COVID. Investigating the exacerbating and mitigating factors that affect healthcare professionals’ mental health in pandemics is important, but Gold’s editorial overlooks a distinct subgroup in the clinical environment: healthcare students.1 Healthcare students share many risk factors with staff; they are also affected by shortages of personal protective equipment, and many have children. “We knew the White House wanted to give us nothing”, Allis said. We do so with data from a representative sample of residents in Indiana, a state that is home to “Middletown” (i.e., Muncie, IN), made famous by the Lynds’ classic field studies of culture in America’s small cities (24). In distributing funds made available by the CARES Act, Trump also appears to be playing favourites: New York received only a fraction of the $30 billion hospital relief funds from the bill ($12 000 per patient), while other states much more lightly affected received more ($300 000 per patient in Montana and Nebraska, and more than $470 000 per patient in West Virginia, all states that voted for Trump in 2016). About 55% indicated the pandemic made them worry about their finances in general. Investing in reducing wealth inequality will improve economic mobility, mental and physical health, and quality of life. Sampling, recruitment, and survey methodology were developed in collaboration with the National Opinion Research Center, and match the gold standard General Social Survey (52). If we parameterize a typical ordinary least squares (OLS) regression asyi=βxi+ui. The demographic characteristics of the weighted P2P sample are similar to Indiana as a whole. We do not capture any email address. Over the course of 2020, transmission would spread from largely urban areas into more rural counties. All P2P respondents who consented to future contact were eligible for the COVID-19 rapid response follow-up (wave 2). Further, the burdens are not equally distributed, with reports of unemployment and income shocks due to the pandemic being highest in Latinx communities, and particularly among the undocumented (18, 19). A total of 1,677 individuals completed the P2P study (wave 1), and 1,579 of these consented to be contacted for future studies. analyzed data; and B.L.P. “The people in these communities have developed new strategies to promote their own wellbeing and resilience during the COVID-19 pandemic, but given the ongoing nature of the pandemic, official interventions are also needed to support them. Using longitudinal data (n = 994) from the Person to Person Health Interview Study, fielded in 2019–2020 and again during Indiana’s initial stay-at-home order, we provide a representative, probability-based assessment of adverse economic outcomes of the pandemic. Economic precarity variables dichotomized into 1 = agreed or strongly agreed and 0 = disagreed or strongly disagreed. These findings demonstrate that younger respondents, women, Black respondents (relative to Whites), and those with less than a college degree are significantly more likely to experience multiple dimensions of economic inequality (SI Appendix, Fig. Together, the results support contentions of a Matthew Effect, where pandemic precarity disproportionately affects historically disadvantaged groups, widening inequality. It’s not a coincidence that Black people are more likely to get coronavirus: It’s the result of policy choices leading to poor health and economic outcomes. 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