Frederick Lee "Fred" Shuttlesworth (born Fred Lee Robinson, March 18, 1922 – October 5, 2011) was a U.S. civil rights activist who led the fight against segregation and other forms of racism as a minister in Birmingham, Alabama.He was a co-founder of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, initiated and was instrumental in the 1963 Birmingham Campaign, … As his movie roles tapered off, Astaire worked more in television. Legendary screen presence Marlon Brando performed for more than 50 years and is famous for such films as A Streetcar Named Desire and The Godfather. Shuttlesworth somehow escaped unhurt even though his house was heavily damaged. Gene Kelly - The Start of Hollywood Success. Around this time, Astaire received his only Academy Award nomination for his supporting role in the 1974 disaster film The Towering Inferno. Directed by Spike Lee. Fred Goldman is the father of Ron Goldman, who was murdered with Nicole Brown Simpson in 1994. (2000), Walton, Val (February 19, 2008) "Rev. African American Registry. Freedom riders: 1961 and the struggle for racial justice. Under the leadership of Martin Luther King, Jr., the organization drew on the power and independence of black … In April 1963, King and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) joined Birmingham’s local campaign organized by Rev. Among their many productions the brother-sister team starred in the 1927 George and Ira Gershwin musical Funny Face. He would not sell out, [and] you could count on that. Shuttlesworth thus played a role in the efforts that led to the passage of the two great legislative accomplishments of the Civil Rights Movement. 61–64. Off-screen, Astaire was more casual than his upper-crust characters. ", Fred Shuttlesworth attended Rosedale High School from which he graduated as the valedictorian. A few years later, Astaire was hospitalized for pneumonia. She has filed numerous lawsuits to prevent any unauthorized uses of his likeness or name. One of the 1963 demonstrations he led resulted in Shuttlesworth's being convicted of parading without a permit from the City Commission. Fred Astaire is regarded by many as the greatest popular music dancer of all time. In 1998, Shuttlesworth became an early signer and supporter of the Birmingham Pledge, a grassroots community committed to combating racism and prejudice. Robert Bentley orders flags on state buildings at half staff for Rev. Dividing Lines: Municipal Politics and the Struggle for Civil Rights in Montgomery, Birmingham , and Selma . Light on his feet, Fred Astaire revolutionized the movie musical with his elegant and seemingly effortless dance style. 159–62. Shuttlesworth founded the "Shuttlesworth Housing Foundation" in 1988 to assist families who might otherwise be unable to buy their own homes. [13] Shuttlesworth stuck with the Riders[14] and called Kennedy. Some of his most famous musicals from his later career include Easter Parade with Garland and Funny Face with Hepburn. However, the actions of supporters like Shuttlesworth gave James Farmer, the leader of C.O.R.E., which had originally organized the Freedom Rides, and other activists the courage to press forward. [12] Astaire had a growing interest in dramatic parts, working on such series as Dr. Kildare. After the Riders were badly beaten and nearly killed in Birmingham and Anniston during the Rides, he sent deacons to pick up the Riders from a hospital in Anniston. “Fred Shuttlesworth Americans Minister And Civil Rights Activist.” Encyclopedia Britannica, March 14, 2019, www.britannica.com/biography/Fred-Shuttlesworth. 733, The University of Alabama Press , 2002. Oxford UP. On October 5, 2011, Shuttlesworth died at the age of 89 in his hometown of Birmingham, Alabama. © 2021 Biography and the Biography logo are registered trademarks of A&E Television Networks, LLC. "The Road to Change. "[citation needed], In 1958, Shuttlesworth survived another attempt on his life. Library of Congress/The Civil Rights Act of 1964: A Long Struggle for Freedom, CBS NEWS, May 18, 1961, www.loc.gov/exhibits/civil-rights-act/multimedia/fred-shuttlesworth.html. It has since then been used for programs in all fifty states and in more than twenty countries. https://www.biography.com/performer/fred-astaire. The mob beat Shuttlesworth with "chains, baseball bats and brass knuckles, and his wife was stabbed in the hips". Fred Rogers was host of Mister Rogers' Neighborhood on PBS, a revered children's TV show. The SCLC adopted a motto to underscore its commitment to nonviolence: "Not one hair of one head of one person should be harmed.". When the authorities ignored the ACMHR's demand that the City hire black police officers, the organization sued. He may have made dancing look easy, but he was a well-known perfectionist, and his work was the product of endless hours of practice. CBS, director. Even as the business class was beginning to see the end of segregation, Connor was determined to maintain it. He was matched up with another Broadway talent, Ginger Rogers, for Flying Down to Rio, also in 1933. 733, The University of Alabama Press , 2002. Fred and Phyllis remained a couple until her death in 1954. The Kentucky Wildcats are off to a 1-6 start, and coach John Calipari thinks he’s at least partly to blame for that. In the Name of Civil Rights: The Rev. Astaire received a Lifetime Achievement Award from the American Film Institute in 1981. Astaire and his first wife, socialite Phyllis Baker Potter, married in 1933 and had two children together, Fred Jr. and Ava. [24], Fred's mother Alberta died in 1995 at the age of 95. He himself had been brutalized earlier in the day and had faced down the threat of being thrown out of the hospital by the hospital superintendent. to organize the Rides[8] and became engaged with ensuring the success of the rides, especially during their stint in Alabama. 166–9. Similarly, while Connor may have benefited politically in the short run from Shuttlesworth's and Bevel's determined provocations, they also fit into Shuttleworth's long-term plans. “Fred Shuttleworth:The Man Who Pushed Martin Luther King Jr. Shuttlesworth participated in the sit-ins against segregated lunch counters in 1960 and took part in the organization and completion of the Freedom Rides in 1961. Freedom riders: 1961 and the struggle for racial justice. On October 27, 2008, the airport was officially changed to Birmingham–Shuttlesworth International Airport. The two toured the vaudeville circuit before making it to Broadway in 1917. In 1964, he traveled to St. Augustine, Florida (which he often cited as the place where the civil rights struggle met with the most violent resistance), taking part in marches and widely publicized beach wade-ins. Arsenault, Raymond (2006). [18], In 1998, South Crescent Avenue in Cincinnati was renamed in his honor.[19]. It used both litigation and direct action to pursue its goals. Astaire shocked friends and family when he remarried in 1980. CBS, director J. A documentary of the notorious racial terrorist bombing of an African American church during the Civil Rights Movement. He remained intensely involved in the Birmingham campaign after moving to Cincinnati, and frequently returned to help lead actions. And he returned to St. Augustine in 2004 to take part in a celebration of the fortieth anniversary of the St. Augustine movement there.[2][17]. Katharine Hepburn once described what each of them brought their successful partnership: "Fred gave Ginger class, and Ginger gave Fred sex.". Shuttlesworth got his licensed as a country preacher when he was changing from a Methodist to a Baptist Christian. Shuttlesworth told him to tell the Klan that he was not leaving and "I wasn't raised to run. [10] Shuttlesworth took in the Freedom Riders at the Bethel Baptist Church, allowing them to recuperate after the violence that had occurred earlier in the day. In May 1956, Shuttlesworth and Ed Gardner established the Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights to take up the work formerly done by the NAACP. Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights, Birmingham–Shuttlesworth International Airport, Birmingham Civil Rights Institute Fred L. Shuttlesworth Human Rights Award, National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, https://www.deseret.com/1998/11/10/19411496/cincinnati-street-s-name-honors-a-king-associate, "O'Connor wins top honor at Jefferson Awards fete", "City voters repeal amendment on gay rights", "Coming to terms with gay issues: Region leans toward tolerance, not acceptance", "Fred L. Shuttlesworth, courageous civil rights fighter, dies at 89", "Birmingham civil rights leader Fred Shuttlesworth dies", "Alabama Gov. Astaire and Rogers appeared in several more films together, including The Gay Divorcee (1934) and Top Hat (1935). More accolades soon followed. Comedian and film actor Groucho Marx was one of the Marx Brothers. [25]. "Birmingham's Reverend Fred Shuttlesworth: unsung hero of the civil rights movement". I think what they propose is special rights. He would not back down, and you could count on it. [4], In 1957, Shuttlesworth, along with Martin Luther King Jr., Ralph Abernathy from Montgomery, Joseph Lowery from Mobile, Alabama, T. J. Jemison from Baton Rouge, Louisiana, Charles Kenzie Steele from Tallahassee, Florida, A. L. Davis from New Orleans, Louisiana, Bayard Rustin and Ella Baker founded the Southern Christian Leadership Conference. A studio executive wrote at the time, "Can't sing. He often appeared as himself for special tribute shows. The JBHE Foundation. Astaire started performing as a child, partnering up with his older sister Adele. Fred David Gray (born December 14, 1930) is a civil rights attorney, preacher and activist who practices law in Alabama. Offering an alternative view to the mainstream Civil Rights movement, Malcolm X advocated for both the establishment of a separate Black community (rather than integration) and the use of violence in self-defense (rather than non-violence). Off-screen, Astaire was known for his relentless pursuit of perfection. After the violence that occurred in Alabama but before the Freedom Riders could move on, Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy gave Shuttlesworth his personal phone number in case the Freedom Riders needed federal support. Just a day earlier, the city’s business leaders had reached an agreement with its black residents, led by the Rev. Simpson in 1997. In 1997, however, she granted permission for film clips of Astaire to be changed and used for a series of vacuum cleaner commercials. Cast as supporting players, their dance number stole the movie. He had done a screen test, but he failed to attract any interest. A police officer, who also belonged to the Ku Klux Klan, told Shuttlesworth as he came out of his home, "If I were you I'd get out of town as quick as I could". With his passing, Hollywood had lost one of its greatest talents. Shuttlesworth noted that he respected the courage of the activists proposing the Rides but that he felt other actions could be taken to accelerate the Civil Rights Movement that would be less dangerous. in 1951, and later earned his B.S. Shuttlesworth. In 1963, Shuttlesworth was set on provoking a crisis that would force the authorities and business leaders to recalculate the cost of segregation. J. While Shuttlesworth was willing to negotiate with political and business leaders for peaceful abandonment of segregation, he believed, with good reason, that they would not take any steps that they were not forced to take. Arsenault, Raymond (2006). Prompted by the removal of a non-cancerous brain tumor in August of the previous year, he gave his final sermon in front of 300 people at the Greater New Light Baptist Church on March 19, 2006—the weekend of his 84th birthday. On December 25, 1956, unknown persons tried to kill Shuttlesworth by placing sixteen sticks of dynamite under his bedroom window. The White House – Office of the Press Secretary, Fred Shuttleswoth's oral history video excerpts, Fred Shuttleswoth in The Road to Equality roundtable discussion, Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County, John F. Kennedy's speech to the nation on Civil Rights, Chicago Freedom Movement/Chicago open housing movement, Green v. County School Board of New Kent County, Council for United Civil Rights Leadership, Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights, Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States, List of lynching victims in the United States, Spring Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam, Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fred_Shuttlesworth&oldid=994008510, Activists for African-American civil rights, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from June 2019, Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, White, Marjorie, Manis, Andrew, eds. A church member standing guard saw a bomb that had been placed by the church and quickly moved it to the street before it went off.[2]. [26][27] By order of Alabama governor Robert Bentley, flags on state government buildings were to be lowered to half-staff until Shuttlesworth's interment. If you see something that doesn't look right, contact us! Shuttlesworth organized the Greater New Light Baptist Church in 1966. [2], The students involved in the Rides appreciated Shuttlesworth's commitment to the principles of the Freedom Rides – ending the segregationist laws of the Jim Crow South. Astaire shocked friends and family when he remarried in 1980. We strive for accuracy and fairness. Gene Kelly was a dancer whose athletic style transformed the movie musical and did much to change the American public's conception of male dancers. Shuttlesworth's activities were not limited to Birmingham. Nash noted, Fred was practically a legend. He alienated some members of his congregation by devoting as much time as he did to the movement at the expense of weddings, funerals, and other ordinary church functions. [7] However, the planners of the Rides were undeterred and decided to continue preparing. Oxford UP. He spent nearly seven decades making people laugh with his snappy one-liners and sharp wit. Can't act. [4], Shuttlesworth was married to Ruby Keeler Shuttlesworth, with whom he had four children: Patricia Shuttlesworth Massengill, Ruby Shuttlesworth Bester, Fred L. Shuttlesworth Jr., and Carolyn Shuttlesworth. Rogers said Astaire "was the best partner anyone could ever have.". [2], When Shuttlesworth and his wife Ruby attempted to enroll their children in John Herbert Phillips High School,[5] a previously all-white public school in Birmingham in the summer of 1957,[6] a mob of Klansmen attacked them, with the police nowhere to be seen. [3] Shuttlesworth studied at Selma University, earning his B.A. [4][5] His assailants included Bobby Frank Cherry, who six years later was involved in the 16th Street Baptist Church Bombing. On January 8, 2001, he was presented with the Presidential Citizens Medal by President Bill Clinton. He was not shy in asking King to take a more active role in leading the fight against segregation and warning that history would not look kindly on those who gave "flowery speeches" but did not act on them. [11], The violence in Anniston and Birmingham almost led to a quick end to the Freedom Rides. Other committed activists were scared off or mystified by his willingness to accept the risk of death. Shuttlesworth himself vowed to "kill segregation or be killed by it". "[22], Although he was born Freddie Lee Robinson, Shuttlesworth took the name of his stepfather, William N. After his death in 1987, his widow has been a fierce protector of his name and image. Fred Rogers was the much-loved host of the public television show 'Mister Rogers' Neighborhood,' which ran on PBS from 1968 to 2001. Shuttlesworth's fervent passion for equality made him a role model to many of the Riders.[2]. The Shuttleworths divorced in 1970, and Ruby died the following year. Into Greatness.” Fred Shuttleworth: He Pushed Martin Luther King Jr. [23] His stepfather, William N. Shuttlesworth, worked as a coal miner and a bootlegger. [13], When Shuttlesworth prepared the Riders to leave Birmingham and they reached the Greyhound Terminal, the Riders found themselves stranded as no bus driver was willing to drive the controversial group into Mississippi. Dividing Lines: Municipal Politics and the Struggle for Civil Rights in Montgomery, Birmingham , and Selma . The Birmingham Civil Rights Institute announced that it intends to include Shuttlesworth's burial site on the Civil Rights History Trail. Shuttlesworth", "Shuttlesworth buried at Birmingham's Oak Hill after final tributes". This occurred when James Bevel initiated and organized the young students of the city to stand up for their rights. Named president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference in August 2004, he resigned later in the year, complaining that "deceit, mistrust and a lack of spiritual discipline and truth have eaten at the core of this once-hallowed organization". His second wife was Robyn Smith, a famous jockey. Fred West was convicted of several gruesome murders and brutal sexual assaults that occurred in England during the 1960s and '70s. He litigated several major civil rights cases in Alabama, including some that reached the United States Supreme Court for rulings. [16] This plan was helped immeasurably by Eugene "Bull" Connor, the Commissioner of Public Safety and the most powerful public official in Birmingham, who used Klan groups to heighten violence against blacks in the city. pp. While Connor's direct police tactics intimidated black citizens of Birmingham, they also created a split between Connor and the business leaders. The Birmingham News (February 26, 2006). Despite a more than 40-year age difference, the pair's mutual interest in horses and racing turned into romance. Similarly, when the United States Supreme Court ruled in December 1956 that bus segregation in Montgomery, Alabama, was unconstitutional, Shuttlesworth announced that the ACMHR would challenge segregation laws in Birmingham on December 26, 1956. Mills Thornton III. Astaire is usually remembered for his pairings with Ginger Rogers, who starred in several films with him, including Swing Time (1936). He also won an Emmy Award for his work on the television special A Family Upside Down in 1978. Read more about his life and work on Biography.com. After the split with Rogers in 1939, Astaire performed with such leading ladies as Rita Hayworth, Cyd Charisse, Judy Garland, Leslie Caron and Audrey Hepburn. Frederick Lee "Fred" Shuttlesworth (born Fred Lee Robinson, March 18, 1922 – October 5, 2011[1]) was a U.S. civil rights activist who led the fight against segregation and other forms of racism as a minister in Birmingham, Alabama. Years later, they reunited once more for 1949's The Barkleys of Broadway. Shuttlesworth to return to Birmingham for post-stroke therapy. Shuttlesworth's commitment to the Freedom Rides was highlighted by Diane Nash, a student activist in the Nashville Student Movement and a major organizer of the later waves of Rides. The televised images of Connor's directing handlers of police dogs to attack young unarmed demonstrators and firefighters' using hoses to knock down children had a profound effect on American citizens' view of the civil rights struggle, and helped lead to the Civil Rights Act of 1964. 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