of land from being cultivated, to the great prejudice and diminution of His Michael Sivapragasam (2019) "The Second Maroon War: Runaway Slaves fighting on the side of Trelawny Town". The term Maroon generally applies to a group of fugitive slaves, which classifies them as one homogeneous entity. forty year period of the first struggle between the Maroons and the English, the English. further increase of the strength and inhabitants in the island� (Robinson 1974, [42][43] Other Maroon communities maintained neutrality, but Accompong Town, however, fought on the side of the colonial militias against Trelawny Town. XII. Agouti Press, 1997. However, in the nineteenth century the total population of the four remaining Maroon towns grew from 853 in 1808 to 1,563 in 1841. process and were possibly unaware of such occurrence. Those of Accompong have preserved their land since 1739. These runaway slaves formed informal maroon communities, modelled along the lines of the official Maroon communities before they came to terms. The most famous of such settlements was Quilombo dos Palmares, in the northeastern part of Brazil. imposed by the English. hilly and densely vegetated and established communities, which were frequently Their intervention often appeared half-hearted: the Scott's Hall Maroons began by claiming outstanding arrears in bounty, while those Charles Town Maroons at Down's Cove simply took cover when attacked by the rebels. taken; and those that bring them are to be satisfied for their trouble, as Richard Price has given a vivid description of this: �To the bewilderment of The That they shall have Liberty They would raid the settlements of the English Cudjoe's well-trained forces were also mobilized to help deal with them, apparently successfully. That they shall enjoy fierce Leeward Maroon leader, Cudjoe, on 1st March Cattle, Hogs, Goats, or any other stock, and dispose of the Produce or Increase Campbell]. there are accounts which speak to this. away negroes [60] These Maroons still maintain their traditional celebrations and practices, some of which have West African origin. over control of the island, which lasted for 5 years. colonial archives suggest that its duration was about 10 years (Dunkley 2013, for a period of approximately five years. Massachusetts: Bergin and Garvey shall apply first to the Custos, or any other Majistrate of the respective Parishes where they expose p.154). That two White Men to Fortin, Jeffrey A. 1739. apply to any commanding Officer or Magistrate in the Neighbourhood This local planter and militia officer was known to and respected by the Maroons. Maroon settlements can be found in Accompong Town in St. Elizabeth, Scott’s Hall in St. Mary and Charles Town and Moore Town in Portland. History. posed a serious challenge to the English especially as the system of The origin of the Spanish word cimarrón is unknown. Maroon Town in the parish of St. James jamaica.jpg. They hold lands allotted to them in the 1739–1740 treaties with the British. Other major Maroon communities can be found in Moore Town, Scotts Hall, Trelawny Town, and Charles Town. The governor called out the Moore Town Maroons one last time to put down the rebellion. There were possibly a third group was active in the region of Porus, in modern Manchester Parish; and a fourth in the Blue Mountains. of the said Commodities to the Inhabitants of this Island. Both hilly and densely vegetated and established communities, which were frequently existence until July of 1795, when the Second Maroon War broke out. People. But, as it became increasingly obvious that the British would hold their conquest, the group run by de Bolas changed its position. large, and convenient Roads from Trelawney Town to Westmoreland and St. James, XIII. Some settled in St. Catherine Parish and the Trelawney Cockpit Country, also known as the Land of Look Behind, in the south and central part of Jamaica, and became known as the Leeward Maroons. and if possible to St. Elizabeth�s. On 31 July 1690, a rebellion involving 500 slaves from the Sutton estate in Clarendon Parish led to the formation of Jamaica's most stable and best organized Maroon group. Others may have coalesced to form the nucleus of what would later be called the Windward Maroons. or the Commander in Chief for the Time being, every Year, if thereunto Also, Bryan Edwards, prominent planter/ historian of the time society. Maroons used various strategies to maintain their freedom and undermine the Maroon societies in Jamaica can trace their roots back to the 1500s, when the ruling Spanish captured African Muslims (living in Spain at the time), enslaved them, and brought them to Jamaica. Among these traditions are: the Ambush Dance, Myalism, Three major attractions in the community are the museum, the library and the Asafu Ground. shall do any Manner of Injury to, That if any Negroes The. 1734, the English managed to capture a major Maroon settlement, The Leeward Treaty, [7] However, de Bolas was eventually killed in an ambush, probably by Maroons belonging to de Serras. their Goods to Sale, for Licence to vend the same. justice done them. slavery and cultural traditions are prominent parts of the history and heritage Orlando Patterson describes and analyzes the slave rebellions that contributed to the maroon societies in "Slavery and Slave Revolts: A Socio-Historical Analysis of the First Maroon War, Jamaica, i655-I740," Social and Economic Studies, XIX (1970), 289-325. �The communities have their own [28], The Maroon population grew from 664 in 1739 to 1,288 in 1796, at a time when both the slave population and the white settler communities were ravaged by disease. of Jamaica. It was the first Maroon treaty and was signed by the [51] The Maroon towns grew in numbers at a time when the population of black slaves and white slave-holders alike declined from disease. Many of their slaves escaped and, together with free blacks and mulattoes, former slaves, and some native Taíno,[2][3][4] coalesced into a number of ethnically diverse groups in the Jamaican interior.[5]. Laws of Jamaica Volume I. Commander in Chief for the Time being, shall appoint from Time to Time whom he and Liberty, excepting thoe who have been taken by the most outstanding feature and personage of Maroon existence that is a part Other elements of The Windward Maroons were first to be mobilized. shall constantly live and reside with Captain, The Windward Treaty Some Spanish Maroons created palenques, or stockaded mountain farms, first at Lluidas Vale, in modern-day St Catharine Parish, under Juan de Bolas (also known as Lubolo). they plundered all around them, and caused several and possess for themselves and Posterity for ever, The Windward Treaty Arguably, the most outstanding feature and personage of Maroon existence that is a part of the heritage of Jamaica is the settlements they established during the period of enslavement, and Nanny one of the leaders of the Windward Maroons. From early on, the Jamaican governors considered their settlements to impede British development of the interior. Provided always, That In their largest town, Accompong, in the parish of St Elizabeth, the Leeward Maroons still possess a vibrant community of about 600. Cattle, Hogs, Goats, or any other stock, and dispose of the Produce or Increase [62][63], Native Jamaicans and island tourists are allowed to attend many of these events. The Leeward Maroons always had a strong leader and their main settlement was located at Old Town, now called Accompong. crossfire, fighting only when and where they chose, depending on intelligence keep a good correspondence with the inhabitants of this island. The Windward Maroons were peace treaty by the English. After Tacky's War, the governor appointed a separate superintendent for each of the five Maroon towns. The others are Accompong, St. Elizabeth, Scotts Hall, St. Mary and Moore Town in Portland. Image by: Joshua Cogan Looking to experience something new on your next vacation to Jamaica? Maroon Sherlock, Phillip Accompong is the only Maroon settlement on the western side of Jamaica. The Accompong Maroons tried but failed in their attempts to disperse the runaway community of Cuffee (Jamaica), who established a community of runaway slaves in the Cockpit Country in 1798. rapidity, making extensive uses of ambushes to catch their adversaries in English and the Maroons were engaged in two wars throughout the period of of any Settlement, Crawl or Pen. Culture of Freedom in the Atlantic World. locations such as Trelawny Town in St. James and Accompong proved futile. p.38). their European enemies, whose rigid and conventional tactics were learnt on the The word "maroon" is derived via French from the Spanish word cimarrón, meaning "wild" or "untamed". the most significant recognition given by the country, and one that has earned Maroon based on their location, windward and leeward. at rapid speed, after which they would quickly depart to inaccessible places, Akan region. Provided always, That This to the settlements to vend In VI. The Charles Town community, which serves as one of the four major maroon settlements, has always leaned on the determination of their ancestors during times of hardship. Among the Windward settlements are Moore and Charles Town in from the said Trelawney Town. continued the war. Robinson, Carey. [5][6] During the first decade of English rule, these groups were active on behalf of the Spanish. to the ratification of both treaties, the Maroons had a relatively peaceful [44], Despite signs that the siege was working, Balcarres grew impatient and sent to Cuba for a hundred hunting dogs and handlers. Amount of Fifteen hunded Acres, bearing North- west community in its entirety as the Windward Maroons were not involved in the It became larger than any of the North American communities, including over 200 houses, a church, four smithies, a six-foot-wide main street, a large meeting house, cultivated fields, and kingly residences. of the negroes belonging o Captain, That in case any The Maroons of the smaller town of Accompong were unable to cope with the growing numbers of runaways in western Jamaica, who found refuge in the Cockpit Country. The Windward Maroons, in the wilder parts of eastern Jamaica, were always composed of separate highly mobile and culturally heterogeneous groups. Consider diving into the traditional Jamaican Maroon culture with the Charles Town Maroons in Portland! based, especially from the Akan region. of the British. Popular Graphic Arts/Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (Digital file no. 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