The grade of complexity and accuracy of the results of a social research depends on adopting the most appropriate method. Qualitative types of observation - UKEssays.com See Answer. Participant observation involves a researcher joining the group he or she is studying, and in the case of covert observation, the researcher’s status is not made known to the group. Observation, overt and covert - SAGE Research Methods However there are disadvantages such as the hawthorne effect which can effect the validity of the research. A critical advantage of overt observation is that it enables the researcher to build some kind of rapport with the participants because the researcher, from the very beginning, is open and honest about the intentions of his/her research. There are advantages and disadvantages of all forms of participant observation which are to do with reactivity and ethics. Participant Observation refers to the adoption of a number of potential roles differentiated by the extent to which the researcher’s identity is concealed from the subjects of the research and the degree to which the researcher participates in the events occurring in his/her field of study (Saunders et al., 2009). The advantages of using overt naturalistic observation is … the advantages and disadvantages of participant observation in a contemporary setting. Firstly, I am going to focus on the practical advantages of overt observation. One advantage of performing a participant covert observation is that participant behave as they normally would do so this would make the observation valid when looking at the truants activities. Also by making it to the group the researcher can get the viewpoints of the participants rather than his own ones. Non-Participant Observation. By living and immersing oneself within a culture for a long period of time, participant-observation allows anthropologists to get … Advantages of Overt Participant Observation. • Comment on which study is more biased, how accurate they are, if participant or non- participant is more effective and whether covert or overt is more valid. Whereas with covert PO, informed consent has not been collected and participants, after realising they have been deceived may choose to withdraw and not allow the researchers to use the data collected. Overt PO is more objective and can be ethical. Participant-observation is a method where researchers choose to live directly in the cultural group they are studying. The observational method has both advantages and disadvantages as a research design in psychology. 2. See Answer. Disadvantages of Overt Participant Observation However, a disadvantage would be that the participants understand the aims of the observer and so there is likely to be possible observer effects (the participants changing their behaviour Made for my own benefit, so not all questions will help you out, but feel free to use. 20. Field researchers simply want to observe and learn. Disadvantages of participant observation. However, this form of observation is the method most at risk of the Hawthorne Effect. Overall I believe that using participant observation whether it is covert or overt is a decent way to study truancy. Objectives. direct contact with respondents. Observation is a fundamental part of social life and is critical to many forms of social interaction and work. Not knowing they are being observed avoids ‘observer effect’. Sociologists use a number of different types of observation in their research. In the main body of this essay, this idea will be addressed by pointing out advantages and disadvantages of participant observation. It is easy to study and observe the natural behavior of the participants in the group by becoming a part of that group. There are two types of participant observation; Overt and Covert. Advantages of Overt Participant Observation An advantage of overt observation is the avoiding ethics issues such as deception or lack of informed consent. Key Terms. observational research: Research focusing on the observation of behavior outside of a laboratory setting. You probably would have come across this type of method in the form of the OFSTED lesson observation. Participant observation allows the researcher to obtain a more precise perspective of the social problems of the studied group. Less researcher bias due to participants being able to speak openly. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of adopting an ethnographic approach to the study of society. It emphasizes identifying, analysing and interpreting patterns of meaning (or "themes") within qualitative data. Thematic analysis is one of the most common forms of analysis within qualitative research. Here is the list of the key features of ethnographic research. Show page numbers. Observation is a method of carrying out research in psychology and can fall under three distinctions - controlled observations, naturalistic observations and participant observations. - In overt observation, it needs to be considered that the presence of an observer may be threatening and may exert an influence on behaviour. Outline and discuss advantages and disadvantages of participant observation Participant observation is a qualitative research method, which originated in the field work of social anthropologists. In an overt study, the observer remains visible to the observer, and the subjects are aware that they are being observed. It does not disturb the normal behaviour of the group so there is higher validity. In particular, we illustrate the value of such an approach by focusing on covert participant observation. You can conduct ethnographic research alone. Item A: Venkatesh was a student at the University of Chicago in 1989 when he became interested in the housing projects surrounding the university where 27,000 people lived A reflective cycle was used as the framework for this paper to highlight the component parts of the process for the author and the reader. ethical issues with OVERT participant observation ... disadvantages of participant observation - time consuming and expensive - can be stressful for the researcher, especially if covert ... advantages of non-participant observation-not as time consuming and cheaper than participant Observation Areas Disadvantages. Researchers seek to immerse themselves in the life of a bounded group, by living and working among them. Overt observations have more advantages than disadvantages making them a good method to use for research. Supporters of participant observation such as interpretivists argue that this is the methods main strength and most of its other advantages are linked to this. analyses can be complicated. Researcher able to be honest with the group in overt participant observation. The Native American Natural Healing Diabetes Program has unlimited expansion potential because the problem of the epidemic of diabetes, following the introduction of white sugar, white flour, and processed foods in Native American communities. Furthermore, it also prevents the researcher from becoming over-familiar with the participants and ‘going native’. The clip highlights some of the advantages field research has over survey interviewing; it also highlights some of the disadvantages of field research. List of the Disadvantages of Participant Observation. Overt observations have more advantages than disadvantages making them a good method to use for research. The concept of empathy and how it relates to the idea of Participant Observation. Overt observations. Observation, particularly participant observation, has … Wiki User. 14. . Natural Behaviors. 1. There are advantages and disadvantages of all forms of participant observation which are to do with reactivity and ethics. 01 You can also do overt non-participant observation, for example, when researchers sit in on meetings or workshops on site, but do not actively participate. This paper examines the methodologies of participant and non-participant observation in studying the social world of slot machine gamblers and concentrates specifically on the advantages. In this post, I hope to conclude which type of observation is the best method to use in Psychology. It has been written primarily for students studying the research methods aspect of A-level sociology. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Often ethnography involves participant observation, but the focus is the systematic observation of an entire community. Define participant observation and describe the continuum of participant observation. -Participant observation can be either covert (When the researcher is observing the group/participants by blending in) or overt (When the researcher tells the group/participants that they are being observed). People show their true feelings, reactions, and behaviors when they are not being examined or watched. The advantages of Covert Participant Observation. The Advantages and Disadvantages of Participant Observation as a Research Method This essay will examine how participant observation is used as a research method. If the researcher has biases and expectations, they potentially affect this process. There are two types of participant observation; Overt and Covert. Participant Observation is often time-consuming for an analyst. Non participant- If participants are aware of a non- participant observer it is likely to have an impact on behaviour so that it is not genuine or realistic. What are the advantages of non participant observation? What are the advantages of non participant observation? B. Longitudinal. He freely interacts with […] Whereas other data collection techniquesintroduce artificiality into the research environment, data collected in an observation study describe the observed phenomena as they occur in their natural settings. A significant advantage of overt participant observation is that it generally makes it easier for the researcher to separate the roles of participant and observer (and thereby reduce the chances of becoming so involved in a group they stop observing and simply become a participant). When reviewing the participant observation advantages and disadvantages, it is essential to remember that authentic objectivity is an ideal situation, but it is rarely an actuality. . You can work some of these out for yourself - for now, I’ll just outline the pro’s and cons of Overt versus Covert. Helps participants overcome insecurities or fears about a topic. The advantages and disadvantages of Participant Observation as a method of sociological research. Copy. There are several advantages to covert and active participant observation. The disadvantages to this include all of the following EXCEPT: A. they make a lower wage overall This allows the researcher to make more valid conclusions about behaviour as they have a greater insight and perspective However, on the other hand, if the researcher undergoes a covert “participant observation,” it can be very hard to maintain your role as part of the group and it also makes things like note taking and diary entries difficult compared to overt observations, as participants may become suspicious of you. Only requires one meeting to get different types of responses. The methodological arguments for and against the use of Participant Observation. Overt participant observation may give access to groups who could not be studied covertly because the researcher does not have the same characteristics as the group. Observation is used in the social sciences as a method for collecting data about people, processes, and cultures. Thematic analysis is often understood as a method or technique in contrast to most other qualitative analytic approaches - such as grounded theory, discourse analysis, … This post covers the theoretical, practical and ethical strengths and limitations of using overt and covert participant observation in social research. As we discussed in Chapter 5,at the core of assessing discrimination is a causal inference problem.When racial disparities in life outcomes occur, explicit or subtle prejudice leading to discriminatory behavior and processes is a possible cause, so that the outcomes could represent, at least in part, the effect of discrimination. Although covert participant observation is more likely to provide detailed portraits of contextualized social realities, it stirred much controversy Advantages of overt participant observation The advantages of overt participant observation fall into three main categories. Through systematic observation, and a process of induction, the investigator forms hypotheses, which are tested later by using experimental methods. Covert - the main advantage has usually been seen as the fact that you should - all going well - observe the natural behaviour and attitudes of a group. What are the advantages of overt participant observation? It is the primary mode of acquiring knowledge about the environment. Therefore, aiming to keep the observation objective and free from bias. Covert participant observation is a method in social science research. There are two types of naturalistic observations, overt and covert. Figure 12.1 Types of participant observation. Participant-observation is a method where researchers choose to live directly in the cultural group they are studying. You can ask awkward, probing questions. The disadvantages of observation are that these studies do not produce quantitative data, do not allow for cause and effect statements, may be very time consuming, and can be prone to researcher bias. By knowing the level of life and daily life of the group, it is much easier to understand the situation and achieve a profound change. What are the advantages and disadvantages of overt observation? In such a setting, the researcher will be alert and open minded to whatever … ADVERTISEMENTS: This article will throw light on the two important types of observation done in social research, i.e, (1) Participant Observation, and (2) Non-Participant Observation. there are problems with data recording as can often rely on memory. Advantages of Overt Participant Observation An advantage of overt observation is the avoiding ethics issues such as deception or lack of informed consent. Outline and discuss advantages and disadvantages of participant observation Participant observation is a qualitative research method, which originated in the field work of social anthropologists. Non-participant observation can be overt or covert; It is important that the researcher build trust and develop empathy with participants, whilst simultaneously making sure to avoid over-empathising with participants; The collection of detailed field notes is key to successful non-participant observation The second approach of observation concerns whether the presence of the observer is known (overt) or unknown (covert) to the subjects. Practical advantages/disadvantages Overt: high in validity because people are being studied in their natural environment. Non-participant Observation involves observing participants without actively participating. Overt observations refer to the researcher being open about their intentions in the field and ensuring all members of the social group are aware of what is happening. Disadvantages of Covert Observation Covert observation may seem like an ideal way to get as much unbiased information as possible and in … Role-play example of an Overt Observation. they know they are being observed). For example it is … Sociologists use a number of different types of observation in their research. Participant Observation Advantages and Disadvantages. Another disadvantage is close friendships are often resulting from connections with members of the group under study and the covert nature of the research can put a tremendous strain on the researcher, both in and out of the fieldwork setting. Thus, it is necessary to distinguish between observation done to accomplish everyday life … Participant Observation Overt Advantages Practical: researcher can behave normal/ easy to record notes/ researcher is outsider doesn't need any special knowledge if (taking part)- can go in closed minded / can ask naive but important questions/ can ask questions openly/ risk of Hawthorne effect/ access may be difficult/ flexibility A significant advantage of overt participant observation is that it generally makes it easier for the researcher to separate the roles of participant and observer (and thereby reduce the chances of becoming so involved in a group they stop observing and simply become a participant). What are the advantages and disadvantages of overt participant observation? AQA Psychology Research Methods quiz for AS. The researcher may still participate in the activity being observed (overt participant observation) or might play no part and simply observe (overt non-participant observation). You can observe and record peoples activity is an advantage. Data is collected and interpreted through the lenses of the observer. Advantages of Overt compared to Covert Observation. Advantages of Observation. Observation is used in the social sciences as a method for collecting data about people, processes, and cultures. This post covers the theoretical, practical and ethical strengths and limitations of using overt and covert participant observation in social research. It has been written primarily for students studying the research methods aspect of A-level sociology. It allows the observer to dig deeper into the groups' behaviour. May lose objectivity and become biased. Disadvantages . Since doing participant observation means being embedded in the action and context of a social setting, we consider three key elements of a par-ticipant observation study: 1.Getting into the location of whatever aspect of the human experience you wish to study. Show page numbers. Advantages . Overt observation involves the researcher declaring to their participants what they are doing and gaining permission of participation at the beginning of a study. However a disadvantage of participant observation is practical issues. Observations are generally cheap and require few resources and materials but can be time consuming depending on what you are observing. However there are disadvantages such as the hawthorne effect which can effect the validity of the research. In the main body of this essay, this idea will be addressed by pointing out advantages and disadvantages of participant observation. However, covert participant observation has more disadvantages than advantages. Academia.edu is a platform for academics to share research papers. Researchers are able to overcome the effects of these preconceptions by being aware they exist and looking out for them. the researcher is able to form relationships with group members. 1. Participant Observation is where the researcher joins in with the group being studied and observes their behaviour. What are the advantages and disadvantages of overt observation? By living and immersing oneself within a culture for a long period of time, participant-observation allows anthropologists to get … Participant observation also has disadvantages. Disadvantages of Focus Groups All of the following are characteristics of longitudinal research designs EXCEPT: A. However there are disadvantages such as the hawthorne effect which can effect the validity of the research. Another advantage is overt observation allows the researcher to be honest with the participants because overt observation refers to the researcher being open about their intentions of the experiment and ensure all members of the participants who are getting observed is aware of what is happening. Overt observations have more advantages than disadvantages making them a good method to use for research. However, this form of observation is the method most at risk of the Hawthorne Effect. The Advantages and Disadvantages of Ethnographic Studies. Baddeley (1966) Aims: To investigate encoding in the short term memory store Method: Participants were given lists of words that were: acoustically similar (e.g. However there are disadvantages such as the hawthorne effect which can effect the validity of the research. Covert observations are when the researcher pretends to be an ordinary member of the group and observes in secret. Covert participant observation may be the only way to gather knowledge on illegal activity. The grade of complexity and accuracy of the results of a social research depends on adopting the most appropriate method. ∙ 2010-01-06 14:57:17. Contribution from Jenny Bimrose, Warwick Institute for Employment Research (2003). Participant observation can be overt or covert. observation – results in four different types of participant observation with their own unique advantages and disadvantages, as depicted in Figure 12.1. Wiki User. To quantify the mortality and morbidity effects from different first‐line antihypertensive drug classes: thiazides (low‐dose and high‐dose), beta‐blockers, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARB), and alpha‐blockers, compared to placebo or no treatment. When there is no influence on the behaviors of the subject, the data collected is much more genuine. Covert observations call be problematic regards ethics and disclosure. 1. In traditional ethnographic research, participant observation always took place in community settings over prolonged periods of time (Spradley 1980). These include: Covert participant observation (CPO) and overt participant observation (OPO). It gives access to certain secret behavior of the group. I will give examples to support my argument. Observation research, irrespective of type, come with a plethora of advantages and disadvantages as described below. Observation is a fundamental part of social life and is critical to many forms of social interaction and work. Exam Practice • Assess the strengths and limitations of participant observation for … Ethnographic participant observation could be overt or covert, with or without revealing research purpose and research identity to the researched. age, gender, ethnicity. They follow a particular group of people over time. Role-play example of an Overt Observation. In the main body of this essay, this idea will be addressed by pointing out advantages and disadvantages of participant observation. Overt observation is where those being observed are aware of the fact. The Advantages and Disadvantages of Participant Observation as a Research Method This essay will examine how participant observation is used as a research method. By using clipboard or … Researchers might video tape what they are seeing or sound record what is being said. participant observation. You can combine it with other methods. Direct Observation: The opposite of indirect observation, direct observation, would encompass many of the aforementioned types of observation research including naturalistic and participant observation. Often the group in focus is a subculture of a greater society, like a religious, occupational, or particular community group. We posit that all observational studies sit along a continuum of consent, with few research projects being either fully overt or fully covert due to practical constraints and the ambiguous nature of consent itself. ∙ 2010-01-06 14:57:17. Advantages of Focus Groups. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Observer can take notes openly Covert: difficult for a researcher to gain access to a group if they do not hold the correct personal characteristics e.g. Non-participant observation can be covert (participants not aware of the researcher) or overt (participants aware of the researcher and his or her purpose). Therefore, aiming to keep the observation objective and free from bias. Results: Both methods lead to similar results. Ethnography is the extended observation of the social perspective and cultural values of an entire social setting. They can be participant or non-participant and can be covert or overt.Overt observation is where those being observed are aware of the fact. Answer with detailed reference to at least one ethnographic study. There could be ethical problems or deception and consent with this particular method of observation. Observations can be overt (everyone knows they are being observed) or covert (no one knows they are being observed and the observer is concealed). An advantage of overt observation is the avoiding ethics issues such as deception or lack of informed consent. Observation is neither as restrictive nor as artificial as either the survey or the experime… Reflection Participant Observation Essay. Participant Observation. Maintaining your cover is a burden on you as a researcher, and it makes it almost impossible for you to take notes. The general limitations of participant observation are the fact that there is a high level of participation required which can cost a lot and take up a lot of time. Participant observation: The researcher is involved with the people they are observing: Strengths: Only way to observe some behaviours i.e. . Time Consuming. Participant observation is a useful method if the researcher wants to explore a certain environment from the inside. It outlines the different ways in which observational data can be Download PDF. Also the researcher must have a high level of skill in order to be capable of carrying out the research. can gain a holistic view of participants as many aspects are considered. Interviewer bias can be avoided. C. Overt action directed toward a group of older people. Overt observations are when the researcher tells the group he or she is conducting research (i.e. Participant observation involves a researcher joining the group he or she is studying, and in the case of covert observation, the researcher’s status is not made known to the group. Also it is not always representative of the sampling frame. Download PDF. The advantages of using overt naturalistic observation is … 2. Naturalistic observation, can be divided into two main sections, overt and covert. The observation notes further revealed the reason for lack of supplies (like administrative errors such as a shortage of records for the need and use of supplies) or a lack of collaboration (between staff or between staff and management). Advantages and disadvantages ... Types of observation Overt vs. covert. If you’re able to join a group openly, the problem of access can be fairly easily overcome. Participant observation has a high risk of bias entering the data. Advantages of covert participant observation. Covert participant observation (CPO) is when a researcher infiltrates a group in order to be a part of the sample or group studied. The general limitations of participant observation are the fact that there is a high level of participation required which can cost a lot and take up a lot of time. 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