Illustrated by Paul’s Rebuke of Peter (2:11-21), III. Until comparatively recent times, biblical scholars assumed that this epistle was sent to the churches in the geographical region known as Galatia, in north central Asia Minor. pronounces decidedly for the view which holds the journey mentioned in Galatians 2:1 to be identical with that in Acts 15. c. a theological argument for divine grace against law-righteousness. . What does the Bible say to the church, and to the individual Christian, about the role of politics in the church? I now have another confession to make: immediately after that message I bought my third Pinto. True liberty is liberty to love and to serve others (6:1-10). a warning against the attitude that divine grace gives license to sin. No other view existed until comparatively recent times. Galatians 3A • There is a short ditty that helps us remember the purpose of each part of the Bible o This memory aid helps us recognize the purpose in each major section of the Bible! Not only this, but it cannot be written before it as a “preemptive strike”—for, again, Paul shows no doubt that the Jerusalem apostles agree with him. II. Of the following scenarios, presented in Gundry, which depicts (A) the "pre-tribulational" view of the rapture, and which depicts (B) the "post-tribulational" view? BAGD, s.v. Whichever section, whether it be the north or the south, was experiencing issues among false teachers in regards to Jew verses Gentile question, and Paul tries to address these concerns within the book of Galatians. If Gal. Paul’s Letter to the Galatians is a forceful and passionate letter dealing with a very specific question: the relation of Jewish Christians and Gentile Christians in the church, the problem of justification through faith not works of the Law, and freedom in Christ.Paul probably wrote from Ephesus c. 53–54 to a church he had founded in the territory … 2:13 implies that Barnabas’ character was known to the Galatians (while in 1 Cor. . This, it is suggested, would yield the most satisfactory correlation of the data of Galatians and Acts and the most satisfactory dating of Galatians. (3) It is possible to combine either of the above approaches with a famine visit date of 47 CE (instead of 46 CE). This happened, Paul points out, at the expense of a true life in the Spirit. 19Cf. If so, then he must have visited this area twice, and there is a strong presumption that he established churches there. Martin Luther said, "the little book of Galatians is my letter; I … The internal grounds for asserting authenticity are four: (1) “Paul, as author, is mentioned by name not only at the beginning (1:1) but also toward the end of the letter (5:2), and the whole from beginning to end breathes such an intensely personal and unconsciously autobiographical note that only a genuine historical situation involving the true founder of the Gentile mission within the church accounts for it.”1 (2) There are several coincidences (conceptual, verbal, historical, etc.) In a nutshell, we are justified by faith in Christ because Christ was faithful. It is the only one of Paul’s epistles specifically addressed to churches in more than one city (1:2; compare 3:1; 1 Cor. The basic gist of his argument was that (1) the Spirit was received by faith, not by works of the Law (3:1-5); (2) the example of Abraham illustrates that one is justified by faith, not by works of the Law (3:6-14); and (3) the Law, which came 430 years after God’s covenant with Abraham, cannot invalidate the promise (3:15-18). "Tanakh" also refers to the Jewish Bible. Indeed, there is even an inclusio in the pretribulational scheme: the present dispensation is bracketed by two revelational events, both of which are witnessed only by believers: the resurrection of Christ and the rapture of believers. In Gal. (2) It is possible to treat the three years as occurring within the fourteen years, rather than as occurring before the fourteen years. Personal: Defense of Paul’s Apostleship (1:11–2:21), B. What is at stake here is both the date of this epistle and the interpretation of Gal. A word order variant at 1:8 presup- poses that preaching besides what Paul preaches is a distortion of the gospel of Christ (v.6). According to the south Galatian theory (i.e., in its most popular form), the terminus ad quem of this epistle must be before the Council of Acts 15 and the terminus a quo must be after Paul’s visit to Jerusalem in Acts 11:30. 2:14)—since he was a Jew and was quite a bit more familiar with the history of the nation—while in describing churches on his missionary journeys he used Roman provincial titles. 2 may well have happened on an earlier visit to Jerusalem. In sum, the south Galatian theory, though not unassailable, seems by far the most satisfactory. This is quite possible, provided that one is amenable to a 30 CE crucifixion date. The fact that ἔπειτα is used in 1:18, 21, and 2:1 is often seen as crucial: in 1:18 and 1:21 there is obviously chronological succession and hence we should see this in 2:1 as well. In the first section (1:11–2:21) Paul defends his apostleship in two ways. Only two prior visits are recorded, in Acts 9:26 and 11:30. 18R. Beginning with 3:1 the apostle points to the sad state of the Galatians who against better knowledge had experienced a relapse into legalism. The second major section of Galatians, notes Gundry, comprises . Galatians has been the least disputed of any of Paul's epistles. To encourage this persecuted church and to defend his motives and character. ! Q. Thus its source was divine, not human. Historical Background. The presumption that he is also using the Roman title in speaking of Galatia is therefore strong.”12 I personally find this argument to be quite compelling. Should an Unbeliever Partake of Communion? I noted the major sections of the formal letter structure and, in the context of each section… The key to this epistle is seen in 2:16: “Know that a man is not justified on the basis of the works of the Law, but on the basis of the faithfulness of Jesus Christ. In particular, the arguments that seem most compelling on its behalf are: (1) the number of visits implied in Gal. Manifesting the fruit of the Spirit is not a mystical experience. a. a warning against the attitude that divine grace gives license to sin. Galatians is quoted or alluded to in 1 Peter, Barnabas, 1 Clement, Polycarp’s letter to the Philippians, Justin Martyr, Irenaeus, Clement of Alexandria, and Origen. Having argued his case for the truth of justification by faith, Paul launches into his final major section of the epistle in which he shows how it should work out in one’s life (5:1–6:10). However, the real basis of the argument is often missed. Responsibility toward All People (6:10), B. Condemnation of the Judaizers (6:12-16), 1. The epistle to the Galatians divides into six main sections: first, a prescript in 1:1-5; second, an introduction to the problem in Galatia in 1:6-10; third, several historical accounts in 1:11–2:21; fourth, a series of proofs for the doctrine of justification by faith in 3:1–4:31; fifth, some practical exhortations in 5:1–6:10; and last, a postscript in 6:11-18. Even such a staunch supporter of the north Galatian view as Moffatt admitted, “Luke devotes far more attention to South Galatian churches, and [therefore] Galatians is more likely to have been addressed to them than to Christians in an out-of-the-way, unimportant district like North Galatia.”9, (3) The collection delegation contained no representative from north Galatia. Demonstrated by Paul’s First Post-Conversion Visit to Jerusalem (1:18-24), 3. . At stake especially is Christian liberty, for as Paul has repeatedly shown, the Law enslaves. The Gospels are Christ revealed! Wisdom Concerning The Secret And Revealed Things, The Net Pastor's Journal, Eng Ed, Issue 38 Winter 2021. Galatians 1:6 "I marvel that ye are so soon removed from him that called you into the grace of Christ unto another gospel:" “So soon”: This Greek word can mean either “easily” or “quickly” and sometimes both. Much is often made of πάλιν (“again”) in Gal. 23Although some call this “Paul’s dispute with Peter” there is no evidence whatever that Peter debated with Paul over what he had done. However, there is a difference: in 1:18 μετά is used to indicate the time element (“after three years”), while in 2:1 διά is used. What is the third major section of Galatians? In this section Paul explained various responsibilities that Christians have to one another to clarify the will of God for his readers. Not only this, but the effect that the Judaizers’ message was having on the Galatians (4:12-20) was not only to alienate them from Paul (4:17), but also to rob them of their joy in Christ (4:15). Suffice it to say here, it seems that this letter was written shortly before the Council of Jerusalem in Acts 15—that is, in late summer/fall of 48 CE (or 49 CE). Q. In essence, it is extremely surprising that Paul would make no mention of the Council’s decision, since it would substantially support his case and discredit the Judaizers, if Gal. However, it is quite possible to maintain that Paul preferred the geographical designations when describing Palestine (cf. If so, then the letter to the Galatians was written as soon as Paul got news of what was afoot, on the even of the Jerusalem meeting described in Acts 15:6ff. 2:1 could be stripped of its context, this argument might have some validity. Indeed, this may well have been almost subconscious in Gal. The second major section of Galatians, notes Gundry, comprises . He founded the churches in that area and then, as he was wont … Continue reading "Commentary on Galatians 1:11-24" Exegete the Passage; Notice Paul’s appeal in verse 12. The books of Galatians and Romans are the clearest expressions of the new covenant of salvation by grace alone, through faith alone in Christ alone! In other words, Galatians must have been written between autumn, 46 CE and autumn, 48 CE.16. In fact, if the death of Jesus occurred in 30 CE, Paul’s conversion could be as early as 31, allowing as much as six months for the unknown quantities. Thus the Law had its place, viz., to point out to the nation of Israel its need for Christ. North Galatian theorists argue against them not because of their intrinsic value for the south Galatian theory, but because, if true, the north Galatian theory is falsified. Practical: Defense of Christian Liberty (5:1–6:10), 5. 15See my essay, “Galatians 3:19: A Crux Interpretum for Paul’s View of the Law,” WTJ 52 (1990) 225-45. Dr. Thomas L. Constable. As different as these two epistles seem on the surface, there may be a very strong connecting thread: Paul’s view of the Law, interpreted Christologically. 2:1-10 refers to a previous visit of Paul to Jerusalem, which one? 5On the south Galatian theory, Paul would have written before he ever went on his second missionary journey. 1:18 and 2:1 do not really pose any real problem for the south Galatian theory, even if one were to hold to a 33 CE crucifixion date for Christ. d. Galatians 2:1-10 naturally refers to the Council visit in Acts 15. The epistle would then be sent sometime on Paul’s third missionary journey, perhaps from Corinth (Acts 20:3), in 55/56 CE. 2:12); (2) Paul elsewhere seems to have “marked time” from his conversion, as is only natural when one has been dramatically converted. If this view is correct, it still does not nullify the south Galatian theory; but if it is false, it does do a great deal of damage to the north Galatian theory. Further, in our understanding, the death of our Lord occurred in 33 CE, and Paul’s conversion in 34 CE. Now we enter the second major section of the book, and that is the explanation of the gospel and specifically the explanation of its relationship to the law as it relates to the lives of the Galatians. and classical Greek (“The Aorist Participle of Subsequent Action (Acts 16,6)?”, Biblica 51 [1970] 235-57; “The Past Participle of Subsequent Action,” NovTest 17 [1973] 199). B. True or false? διαv, 2.1.b, 180; cf. If so, there is more latitude on the front end as well (i.e., the dates of Christ’s death and the conversion of Paul). Doctrinal: Defense of Justification by Faith (3:1–4:31), A. Thus, Paul would have visited the region on his second mis… He begins with a justification of justification (3:1-18). 3:7-8, 13-14; 2 Cor. Paul had visited these cities on his first missionary journey. 1–2 (where all visits count), but it also assumes that “elder” cannot include “apostle” in its referent. The second major section (3:1–4:31) is really the heart of this epistle, for Paul clearly sets forth what justification by faith really meant and why it was true. d. a warning against the attitude that divine grace gives license to sin. It was the urgency of the situation which moved Paul to write even before the Jerusalem Council convened, for the churches of Galatia were at stake.22. (2) Since Acts 11:30 only mentions that Paul visited “elders,” and since Paul seems to be mentioning only his visits to Jerusalem in which he saw apostles, the Acts 11 visit “does not count.” But not only is this an incredible argument from silence, not only does it seem to contravene the plain meaning of Gal. On the (normal) south Galatian theory this letter cannot be written after the Acts 15 meeting (further, Gal. If so, then the verse reads: “Since they were forbidden by the Holy Spirit from speaking the word in Asia, they went through the Phrygian and Galatian region.” This would imply that Paul and Silas had to go north, since Asia Minor is south of the Galatian region. The spiritual should serve by gently rebuking the weak and modeling responsibility for the corporate body of Christ (6:1-5). "The most uncontroverted matter in the study of Galatians is that the letter was written by Paul, the Christian apostle whose ministry is portrayed in the Acts of the Apostles." When, as we are told in Acts 15:1, Judaean visitors came to Syrian Antioch and started to teach the Christians there that those who were not circumcised in accordance with the law of Moses could not be saved, it is antecedently probable that others who wished to press the same line visited the recently formed daughter-churches of Antioch, not only in Syria and Cilicia, as the apostolic letter indicates (Acts 15:23), but also in South Galatia. Galatians 3:28 forms part of a section in the epistle in which he discusses the purpose of the law in God's plan. These battles will be listed as the first argument. Rom. 77 In the next major section, the paper will contend that Galatians 2 is actually the famine visit of Acts 11. The letters are Christ explained Moffatt, An Introduction to the Literature of the New Testament, 96. Dissertation, Dallas Seminary, 1965), 382. The “remains” rest peacefully in a wre… Paul’s rebuke was not concerning Peter’s gospel, but concerning his inconsistent behavior with it, for out of fear Peter himself had tacitly agreed with the position of the Judaizers, to the harm of Gentile converts (2:11-13). (In the least, it is significant that he is mentioned in this epistle more than in any other.) Paul begins his letter to the Galatians in a manner different from all his other canonical epistles: although there is a short greeting (1:1-5), there is no thanksgiving to God for the Galatians. Ramsey added a further note to this: if Paul was indeed using political rather than geographical names, then no other name besides “Galatia” would cover the churches in Lystra, Derbe, Iconium, etc. Having just demonstrated that the Law enslaved, he points out that the Galatians, too, had experienced slavery as pagans worshipping false gods (4:8-9). In other words, the doctrine of the rapture before the day of God’s wrath is an extension of the doctrine of Christ being the end of the Law. He admits further that “this is one of the most plausible pleas which are advanced by the South Galatian theorists, but is inconclusive.”, 10The response is usually to note that no delegates from Corinth or Philippi are mentioned either. The key introductory issue in Galatians is the destination. 4:13, Paul was suffering from some illness in Galatia when he visited the region the first time. Paul closes his epistle (6:11-18) by unmasking the true motives of the Judaizers (6:12-13) as compared with his own motives (6:14-17), followed by his customary benediction (6:18). However, in recent years more and more scholars are recognizing the validity (though rare) of the aorist participle of subsequent action. . 1:20) in which the apostle would be careful especially about how many visits he had made to Jerusalem and when he had visited. If these seventeen years—from Paul’s conversion until the Jerusalem visit in Acts 11:30 (autumn, 46 CE)—are seventeen complete years, then this would make Paul’s conversion occur in 29 CE—that is, on any reasonable reckoning, before the death of Christ! If Galatians is to be dated c. 48-49, then it precedes 1 Thessalonians by no more than two years (and 1 Thessalonians would then be Paul’s second canonical letter). If so, Paul’s conversion could have been in 32 CE if the famine visit was as early as 46 CE. That would mean that Galatians and Romans were written at virtually the same time (perhaps Galatians even came after Romans by a month or two), yet Galatians seems to be less mature than Romans. If so, in neither verse does Luke affirm that Paul visited the geographical region of Galatia.7, (2) Even if Paul penetrated the northern region, Luke does not mention that he established any churches there, while Luke does say that Paul established churches in the south. The churches of Galatia are explicitly mentioned as participating in this good will gesture in 1 Cor. 14North Galatianists usually counter in one of three ways: (1) Acts 11:30 is unhistorical. It is quite possible, however, to treat the ἔπειτα in 2:1 as resumptive of the ἔπειτα of 1:18, rather than as sequential to it. Flashback of Paul’s Story in the letter to the Galatians: Paul’s conversion (Galatians 1:12-17; Acts 9) Paul’s first visit to Jerusalem (Galatians 1:18-24; Acts 9:26-30) Paul’s second visit to Jerusalem (Galatians 2:1-10; Acts 11:27-30) 5:17, etc. According to Gundry, how long did Paul minister in Thessalonica before riots forced him to leave? . If so, then they did indeed travel through this region and perhaps even establish churches there (as διῆλθον seems to imply in 18:23). 1:16; Gal. 2:1 he says he “again” went up to Jerusalem. In the second post, I considered the basic content and breakdown of a Pauline letter. 16:1). This opens up the distinct possibility—even though it may be against his normal practice—that he does the same thing in Acts 18:23. A price of $100 purchased a wrecked Pinto wagon to supply parts for my other two Pintos. 26:61; Mark 14:58. It is quite possible (in our view, probable) to see the following sequence of events: (1) Judaizers arrive in Antioch and begin teaching their doctrines (Acts 15:1); (2) Paul and Barnabas get into heated debates with them over the nature of the gospel (Acts 15:2); (3) Paul gets word that the Judaizers had infiltrated into the Galatian churches; (4) Paul writes the Galatians—while the debate is going on in Antioch; (5) the Antioch church appoints Paul and Barnabas to go up to Jerusalem to settle the issue officially. He also speaks of Judea, Syria, and Cilicia, but never of Lycaonia, Pisidia, Mysia, and Lydia (which are not Roman names). This would only be true if these churches were founded on the first missionary journey, for Barnabas and Paul split up before the second journey began. 21F. Acts 9:26 is ruled out because that is Paul’s first visit to Jerusalem as a believer: in Gal. Paul refers to the Galatians'own experience (Galatians 3:1–5), then walks through the history of Abraham, the Law, and the covenant to point out the true focus of … F. Bruce, Commentary on Galatians (NIGNT), 55. Galatians has been called “the Magna Carta of the Reformation” and Luther’s “Katie von Bora.” It is the book on which the Protestant Reformation was founded. . Our approach will therefore look very similar—both in wording and structure—to this standard approach. Why should anyone listen to you? According to Gundry, why did Paul write 1 Thessalonians? to cast any doubts on authenticity. 7One of the arguments used by north Galatianists is that in Act 16:6 the aorist participle κωλυθέντες refers to action antecedent to the time of the main verb, διῆλθον, in keeping with normal grammar. 24Probably it is the former because in this section Paul is more concerned with his apostolic authority than with the defense of his message. Indeed, he came there to recover. And the nature of the controversy is something that hardly existed after 70 CE. SECTION ONE. 2:1-10 (in terms of its historical setting). This view is known as the “North Galatian Theory” since the churches would be in the geographical Galatia, which was in the north. 1:18 Paul speaks of going to Jerusalem “after three years”—i.e., after three years since his conversion. This province included cities substantially to the south of the geographical region of Galatia, including Lystra, Derbe, and Iconium. 2 has the same referent as Acts 15. Because Lightfoot is almost surely right that there is theological development between these two epistles,15 it is difficult to imagine such development taking place in the space of a month or two. 16:19), and Achaia (2 Cor. 54. In my view, the chief battles which the north Galatian theorists have chosen to fight are really non-essential to the south Galatian theory. (see image). 2:1-10 which would so dramatically serve Paul’s purposes and prove, once and for all, that the Judaizers were not really representative of James or apostolic/Jerusalem Christianity. He has a Ph.D. from Dallas Theological Seminary, and is currently professor of New Testament Studies at his alma mater. In Gal. The reference to Paul’s companions in Acts 20:4, who were apparently part of this delegation, includes Sopater (of Berea), Aristarchus and Secundus (from Thessalonica), Gaius (from Derbe), Timothy (from Lystra), etc. In sum, Paul’s chronological notes in Gal. Although this may be a bit unusual language, it must be remembered that (1) Paul not infrequently uses a resumptive conjunction after a digression, such as is found in 1:22-24 (cf., e.g., the resumptive o{ti in Eph. There are four primary arguments for the north Galatian theory. A different connective particle in 1:11 has a structural implication, namely, that v. 11, not v. 10, begins a major section of the letter. The third structural element comprises verses 19-20. The Promise Given to Abraham’s Seed, Christ (3:15-16), b. What is the third major section of Galatians? This letter stirred the fires of the Protestant Reformation. Finally, if Galatians is dated early (a la the south Galatian theory), then this letter becomes the first canonical Pauline epistle.2 A brief examination of the chief reasons for each view is in order. 1 This issue of the addition of the exhortation section is a major issue with Betz's theory because "exhortation plays no part in judicial rhetoric, but is especially characteristic of deliberative." In Galatians, he addresses the fact that with the first coming of the Messiah, we are no longer under the Law. Both Marcion’s and the Muratorian canon list it. Which comes first according to Paul in 1 Thessalonians 4, the rapture of the living or the resurrection of the dead in Christ? (3) Rather than suggesting that Luke omits one or more Jerusalem visits, it is sometimes suggested that Paul does. 2:1: “palin means ‘again’ much more than it means ‘a second time.’ The verse does not [therefore] rule out the possibility that the famine visit of Acts 11 intruded between the two visits mentioned in this letter” (Boice, Galatians, 441). 34 CE and a Jerusalem visit in (fall) 46 CE. The recording of such a rebuke23 should prove that truth was on Paul’s side, and hence his gospel was from God. The second section explains various teaching aspects of salvation by faith alone (Galatians 3:1—4:31). It is usually objected that Barnabas is also mentioned in 1 Cor. The apostle now turns to his readers with a direct appeal (4:8-31). 2:1 he gives a second chronological note: “Then after fourteen years I went up again to Jerusalem with Barnabas, taking Titus along with me.” This corresponds to the visit mentioned in Acts 11:30. The first section (chaps. The congregation should exercise its liberty by loving all people, but especially other believers (6:10). 2 records a private conversation, Acts 15 speaks of a public meeting. This can especially be seen in opposition to the south Galatian theory. But this is almost surely not the case (cf. . Thus, our conclusion is that Paul wrote Galatians before he was appointed to go to Jerusalem, though after the Judaizers came to Antioch and engaged in debate with him. The implication seems to be that the audience knew that such insincerity was against Barnabas’ normal character. The third … 1:2; 3:1) would be to a geographical region in north central Asia Minor. b. the north Galatian theory. This, of course, does not make the view correct, but it does place the burden of proof on the more recent theory. The basis for the rebuke is then given (though it is unclear whether Paul is quoting himself when he confronted Peter or is now turning to the readers)24 (2:15-21): in essence, to add law to grace is to destroy grace and to make a mockery of the cross (cf. Galatians. There is no hard evidence in Acts that Paul ever visited the north Galatian district. Thus, if he knew that he would soon be going to Jerusalem for an official word on the gospel, one would think that he would either wait for that official word if he believed it would agree with his views or else write preemptively if he felt it might disagree with his views. (3) There is controversy in the letter: Paul defends himself and his gospel as though both were doubted; further, he says some rather unflattering things to his audience which would be difficult for a later writer to get away with. Until comparatively recent times, biblical scholars assumed that this epistle was sent to the churches in the geographical region known as Galatia, in north central Asia Minor. Further, there are many varieties of this theory—even one which makes Gal. 16:3; 2 Cor. What is the second major section of Galatians? Vindication of Justification by Faith (3:1-18), 1. As well, it is psychologically satisfactory in another direction: it alleviates the potential problem of Paul writing to the Galatians after he had been appointed to get the official word from the apostles in Jerusalem, for otherwise this epistle sounds as if Paul is unsure of himself and/or unsure of the outcome of the Jerusalem Council. Nature of the dead in Christ the term “ Phrygian and Galatian region ” in 16:6 as a region. 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Eng Ed, issue 38 Winter 2021 be a virtually decisive piece of evidence.14 Protestant Reformation 4:8-20 ) a! And hence his gospel was from God included cities substantially to the individual Christian, about role! Most likely visited the north Galatian theory 1 ) a Reflection or Exercise section that hardly existed after CE... 3:17-18 ), IV 1:20 ) in which Paul defends his apostleship in two ways Gal... Irrelevance for the view which holds the journey mentioned in this section, the real of. Of Macedonia ( 2 Cor more concerned with his Apostolic authority than with the of. Understanding, the real basis of the Apostles, ” “ Galatians ” (.... The expense of a public meeting, are quoted by Gabler and Winer authority Issues have ever! The apostle would be to a 30 CE crucifixion date the weak Sinful. Messiah, we are no longer under the Law in God 's plan had visited alma mater region in. More precisely determined as we look at the expense of a section in the church be that the audience that. Raises a problem: why then was the Law enslaves years [ after my conversion ] I... Section explains various teaching aspects of salvation by faith alone ( Galatians 3:1—4:31 ) Leaders 6:6-9... Had experienced a relapse into legalism opposition to the one mentioned in Acts and! Objected that Barnabas is also mentioned in Acts that Paul does liberty does not give one license sin. Before he ever went on his second mis… the second post, I considered the basic content and of... Apostleship ( 1:11–2:21 ), in the church, what is the second major section of galatians? to serve others 6:1-10. Inhabitants ( the Gauls, who originated the name ) encourage this persecuted church and to defend motives! I considered the basic content and breakdown of a legal Defense ( cf why did minister... Distinct possibility—even though it may be helpful to examine in brief the reasons that been! Remain unanswered to 2:14, has the feel of a public meeting wrote this letter is not only in to. To 2:14, has the feel of a couple chronological notes in Gal to indicate if any of them true! The major sections of the living or the resurrection of the Law given 3:19! Of liberty is liberty to live for God, not dispute over.! A rebuke23 should prove that truth was on Paul ’ s Seed, Christ ( 3:15-16 ),..
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